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Materials - Biogas commercial utilization barriers that may be emerged due to operation and revegetation of solid domestic waste polygons disposed within the territory of Russia 
Biogas commercial utilization barriers that may be emerged due to operation and revegetation of solid domestic waste polygons disposed within the territory of RussiaToropoc I.V, Chairman of Board of Directors of OJSC Management Company "Kuban Center of Secondary Resources" As per statistical data, the total area covered by wastes exceeds two thousand square kilometers. In addition to, 30 million tons of solid domestic waste and 12 million tons of industrial waste are collected annually.
In Russia, the objects to be applied to disposal of wastes and specified as "polygons" are practically absent. The very objects are practically represented by any waste disposal areas "dumps"authorized by municipal bodies, but not satisfying the sanitary regulations and not meeting the requirements of SanPiN SP 2.1.7.1038-01 "Solid domestic waste arrangement and handling hygienic requirements".
Upon large-scale estimation held in 2003 by Russian Federation Ministry of Health it was stated that sanitary condition of a number of administrative territories is of unsatisfactory matter. For example, within the territory of Krasnoyarsk the quantity of unauthorized dumps is numbered up to 230 units; some solid domestic waste ?polygons? are used for keeping of the 1st hazardous class remains (luminescent lamps); in Kirov region only 27% of landfills are authorized, while 24.1% of the residential area soil samples does not meet their microbiological legal requirements; in Orenburg region among 179 dumps and solid waste disposal areas only 16 (0.89%) of them meets their specific requirements; in Krasnodar region the solid domestic waste dump of 4.8 hectares area is positioned 200 m apart of the beach and so on.
All and sundry dumps have not any waterproofing (concrete, clay or other) base to be used for protection against leakage of toxic agents via water-bearing horizons. No surface protective blankets are practically applied.
The projects and operation technical regulations are neither developed, nor implemented in full. Operating life of many waste disposal objects is practically exhausted.
If to account that the matter of any dump (polygon) insulation from environmental conditions and respective dump operation is the basic requirements specified for efficient extraction and utilization of biogas, there may be pointed out three positions both directly and indirectly obstructing biogas commercial utilization including implementation of the Kioto protocol economical mechanisms:
1. Project engineering feasibility, including:
2. Low cost efficiency:
Example:
In accordance with the data obtained by Austrian Engineering Company "Ecocom Climate Protection Umweltschutz GmbH" in the course of estimation held in terms of development of Krasnodar Territory target program "Waste", it was stated out that among five hundred current dumps located within the territory of the above region only five ones (1%) may be considered as suitable for implementation of any project to be specified for commercial utilization of biogas including realization of the Kioto protocol economic mechanisms;
Example:
Cost of electric energy to be received by power network of Independent Energy-Distributing Company of Krasnodar Territory amounts to 0.65 kopek per kW; fulfillment of requirement specifications is valued within 10 000 - 12 000 rubles per kW.
3.Administrative barriers:
A number of waste disposal objects are operated by extremely conservative municipal organizations that depend on different-level budget subsidized payments. The main stimulating economic mechanism is "the worse, the better".
Federal Law No. 131-FL About principles of organization of Russian Federation local government" referred the matters of domestic and industrial waste collection, transportation, utilization and treatment as of local importance. Being incorrectly interpreted by municipal authority the law made it possible to arrange local monopolization and complicate commercialization of waste handling processes.
Conclusions:
Commercial utilization of biogas in the course of operation, revegetation and conservation of the solid domestic waste disposal areas is quite capital-intensive and risky venture. This kind of problem should be resolved in terms of liquidation of environment pollution aftereffects by means of programmed methods at the expense of different-level budgets.
With any new waste disposal objects established, biogas may be considered as subject to commercial utilization only upon adopting the legal acts on the level of Russian Federation to be implemented for regulation of waste handling construction activity, to be taken as the regulative base for improving of newly-constructed solid domestic waste polygon quality and to stimulate environmental sanitation,
Example:
RCM 30-308-2002 'Projection, construction and revegetation of solid domestic waste polygons within the territory of Moscow region".
For economical incentives of biogas utilization as alternating fuel, some amendments to Federal Law No. 28-FL of 3 April 1996 "About energy saving", where Clause 1 specifies the meaning of "Alternative type of fuel" as types of fuel (compressed and condensed gas, biogas, producer gas, biomass treatment products, coal-water fuel etc.) that may replace or reduce |
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